by Calculated Risk on 9/30/2009 02:11:00 PM

Note: Any reading below 100 shows contraction for this index.

From the National Restaurant Association (NRA): Restaurant Performance Index Declined in August as Same-Store Sales and Customer Traffic Slipped

Restaurant industry performance softened in August, as the National Restaurant Association’s comprehensive index of restaurant activity posted a modest decline. The Association’s Restaurant Performance Index (RPI) – a monthly composite index that tracks the health of and outlook for the U.S. restaurant industry – stood at 97.9 in August, down 0.2 percent from July and its third decline in the last four months.
...
The Current Situation Index, which measures current trends in four industry indicators (same-store sales, traffic, labor and capital expenditures), stood at 96.0 in August – down 0.9 percent from July and its sharpest decline in nearly a year. In addition, August represented the 24th consecutive month below 100, which signifies contraction in the current situation indicators.

The sharp decline in Current Situation Index was the result of deteriorating sales and traffic levels in August.
emphasis added

Click on graph for larger image in new window.

Unfortunately the data for this index only goes back to 2002.

The restaurant business is still contracting ...

No Green Shoots for you!

by Calculated Risk on 9/30/2009 11:32:00 AM

From the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Office of Thrift Supervision: OCC and OTS Release Mortgage Metrics Report for Second Quarter 2009

This OCC and OTS Mortgage Metrics Report for the second quarter of 2009 provides performance data on first lien residential mortgages serviced by national banks and federally regulated thrifts. The report covers all types of first lien mortgages serviced by most of the industry’s largest mortgage servicers, whose loans make up approximately 64 percent of all mortgages outstanding in the United States. The report covers nearly 34 million loans totaling almost $6 trillion in principal balances and provides information on their performance through the end of the second quarter of 2009 (June 30, 2009).

The mortgage data reported for the second quarter of 2009 continued to reflect negative trends influenced by weakness in economic conditions including high unemployment and declining home prices in weak housing markets. As a result, the number of seriously delinquent mortgages and foreclosures in process continued to increase. However, a lull in newly initiated foreclosures occurred as servicers worked to implement the “Making Home Affordable” program during the second quarter.
...
The percentage of current and performing mortgages in the portfolio decreased by 1.4 percent from the previous quarter to 88.6 percent of all mortgages in the portfolio. All categories of delinquencies increased from the previous quarter, with serious delinquencies—loans 60 or more days past due and loans to delinquent bankrupt borrowers—reaching 5.3 percent of all mortgages in the portfolio, an increase of 11.5 percent from the previous quarter. Foreclosures in process reached 2.9 percent of all mortgages, a 16.2 percent increase.
...
In the second quarter, 15.2 percent of Payment Option ARMs were seriously delinquent, compared with 5.3 percent of all mortgages, and 10 percent were in the process of foreclosure, more than triple the 2.9 percent rate for all mortgages.
...
Mortgages guaranteed by the U.S. government, primarily through the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) or the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), also showed higher delinquencies than the overall servicing portfolio. Serious delinquencies increased to 7.5 percent of all government guaranteed mortgages, up from 6.8 percent in the previous quarter.
emphasis added

Much of the report focuses on modifications and recidivism, but this report also shows far more seriously delinquent prime loans than subprime loans (by number, not percentage).

Click on graph for larger image.

We're all subprime now!

Note: "Approximately 13 percent of loans in the data were not accompanied by credit scores and are classified as “other.” This group includes a mix of prime, Alt-A, and subprime. In large part, the loans were result of acquisitions of loan portfolios from third parties where borrower credit scores at the origination of the loans were not available."

This report covers about two-thirds of all mortgages. There are far more prime loans than subprime loans - and the percentage of delinquent prime loans is much lower than for subprime loans. However, there are now significantly more prime loans than subprime loans seriously delinquent. And prime loans tend to be larger than subprime loans, so the losses from each prime loan will probably be higher.


The second graph shows foreclosure activity.

Notice that foreclosure in process are increasing sharply, but completed foreclosures were only up slightly.

The only reason initiated foreclosures declined slightly was because Q1 was revised up significantly. Short sales remain mostly irrelevant.

The next wave of completed foreclosures is about to break, but the size of the wave depends on the modification programs.

by Calculated Risk on 9/30/2009 09:54:00 AM

From MarketWatch: Business activity declines in Chicago area

The Chicago purchasing managers index fell to 46.1% in September from 50.0% in August ... The new orders index backtracked to 46.3% from 52.5% in August. The employment index was essentially unchanged at 38.8% ...

Readings below 50% indicate contraction.

This index is for both manufacturing and service activity in the Chicago region. In general the Chicago area is considered representative of the mix of manufacturing and non-manufacturing business activity in the nation, so a decline in the Chicago PMI is significant.

The national ISM manufacturing index will be released tomorrow, and the ISM non-manufacturing index on Monday.

by Calculated Risk on 9/30/2009 08:42:00 AM

The MBA reports: Mortgage Applications Decrease

The Market Composite Index, a measure of mortgage loan application volume, decreased 2.8 percent on a seasonally adjusted basis from one week earlier. ...

The Refinance Index decreased 0.8 percent from the previous week and the seasonally adjusted Purchase Index decreased 6.2 percent from one week earlier.
...
The average contract interest rate for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages decreased to 4.94 percent from 4.97 percent ...

Click on graph for larger image in new window.

This graph shows the MBA Purchase Index and four week moving average since 2002.

The Purchase index declined to 270.4, and the 4-week moving average declined to 283.9.

Note: The increase in 2007 was due to the method used to construct the index: a combination of lender failures, and borrowers filing multiple applications pushed up the index in 2007, even though activity was actually declining.

by Calculated Risk on 9/29/2009 11:20:00 PM

Here is some national data on the types of homebuyers in August. This is from a survey by Campbell Communications (excerpted with permission).

Source: Tracking Real Estate Market Conditions, a whitepaper regarding the Campbell/Inside Mortgage Finance Monthly Survey on Real Estate Market Conditions.

Click on graph for larger image in new window.

The Campbell survey breaks out sales by buyer type.

According to the Campbell survey about 64% of sales in August were to first-time buyers and investors.

Survey results show that first-time homebuyers, motivated by first-time homebuyer tax credit, made up the largest component of demand in August 2009. In the summer months, current homeowners also make up a significant component of demand. (Note: rounding on graph figures precludes totaling to 100%.)

For comparison, here is the same breakdown for Q2.

According to the Campbell survey over 70% of sales in Q2 were to first-time buyers and investors.

Whenever the tax credit expires (whether or not is extended), the percent of first time buyers will decline.

by Calculated Risk on 9/29/2009 07:46:00 PM

From the WSJ: CIT in Last-Ditch Rescue Bid

CIT is preparing a sweeping exchange offer that would eliminate 30% to 40% of its more than $30 billion in outstanding debt ... The plan would offer bondholders new debt secured by CIT assets, as well as nearly all of the equity in a restructured company. ... If not enough bondholders agreed to the plan, the company could seek to execute the restructuring in bankruptcy court, the person said. The result could potentially be one of the largest Chapter 11 bankruptcy-court filings in U.S. history.

The writing was on the wall in July when CIT obtained a $3 billion emergency loan secured by all of their assets. As I noted in July, the emergency loan just kicked the can down the road.

Now it appears CIT is at the end of the road ...

by Calculated Risk on 9/29/2009 07:26:00 PM

From Dow Jones: Citi Prices $5B Four-Part FDIC-Backed Deal-Source

Citigroup Inc. priced a $5 billion government-backed bond Tuesday, its second benchmark-sized bond offering this month under the U.S. Federal Deposit Insurance Corp.'s Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program ... Since November of last year, when the FDIC program was launched, Citi has issued $49.6 billion of these deals ...

If the TLGP is extended, Citi might be the only user.

Also, the FDIC earlier today announced a plan to "require insured institutions to prepay their estimated quarterly risk-based assessments" for the next three years. This plan would raise approximately $45 billion.

Bloomberg has a story on the costs: Bank of America, 3 Other Banks’ FDIC Fees May Top $10 Billion

Bank of America, the biggest U.S. lender by deposits, may owe $3.5 billion under the FDIC proposal for banks to prepay three years of premiums, based on the lowest assessment rate multiplied by the bank’s $900 billion in second-quarter U.S. deposits.
...
U.S. bank premiums range from 12 cents per $100 in deposits for the safest lenders to 45 cents for banks the U.S. considers risky, said Chris Cole, senior regulatory counsel for the Independent Community Bankers of America.
...
Based on the current assessment and each bank’s deposits, Wells Fargo & Co.’s fee may be $3.2 billion based on its $814 billion in deposits, JPMorgan Chase & Co. may pay $2.4 billion and Citigroup Inc. $1.2 billion.

Ouch.

by Calculated Risk on 9/29/2009 04:12:00 PM

Note: Looking ahead, Thursday and Friday will be heavy economic news days with vehicle sales (how bad will the post-clunker slump be?), construction spending, personal income and outlays for August, the employment report on Friday and more.

A couple of market graphs ... the S&P 500 was first at this level in March 1998; about 11 1/2 years ago.

Click on graph for larger image in new window.

The first graph shows the S&P 500 since 1990.

The dashed line is the closing price today.

The S&P 500 is up 57% from the bottom (384 points), and still off 32% from the peak (505 points below the max).

The second graph is from Doug Short - Instead of comparing the markets from the peak (See: the Four Bad Bears), Doug Short matched up the market bottoms for four crashes (with an interim bottom for the Great Depression).

Note that the Great Depression crash is based on the DOW; the three others are for the S&P 500.

by Calculated Risk on 9/29/2009 12:56:00 PM

This following graph compares the Case-Shiller Composite 10 SA index with the Stress Test scenarios from the Treasury (stress test data is estimated from quarterly forecasts).

The Stress Test scenarios use the Composite 10 index and start in December. Here are the numbers:

Case-Shiller Composite 10 Index (SA), July: 154.69

Stress Test Baseline Scenario, July: 147.23

Stress Test More Adverse Scenario, July: 138.14

Unlike with the unemployment rate (worse than both scenarios), house prices are performing better than the the stress test scenarios.

Price-to-Rent

In October 2004, Fed economist John Krainer and researcher Chishen Wei wrote a Fed letter on price to rent ratios: House Prices and Fundamental Value. Kainer and Wei presented a price-to-rent ratio using the OFHEO house price index and the Owners' Equivalent Rent (OER) from the BLS.

Here is a similar graph through July 2009 using the Case-Shiller Composite Indices (SA):

Click on image for larger graph in new window.

This graph shows the price to rent ratio (January 2000 = 1.0) for the Case-Shiller composite indices. For rents, the national Owners' Equivalent Rent from the BLS is used.

Back in 2004 or 2005, it was obvious that prices were out of line with fundamentals. This was clear in the price-to-income and price-to-rent ratios - and there was also widespread speculation (the definition of a bubble).

Now, looking at the price-to-rent ratio based on the Case-Shiller indices, the adjustment in the price-to-rent ratio is mostly behind us. Although the ratio is still a little high. Note: some would argue the ratio being a little too high is reasonable based on mortgage rates and "affordability".

With rents now falling almost everywhere, a further downward adjustment in house prices seems likely.

by Calculated Risk on 9/29/2009 11:03:00 AM

From the FDIC:

The Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation today adopted a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPR) that would require insured institutions to prepay their estimated quarterly risk-based assessments for the fourth quarter of 2009 and for all of 2010, 2011 and 2012. The FDIC estimates that the total prepaid assessments collected would be approximately $45 billion.

MarketWatch has more details: Fund to protect deposits has shrunk to low levels

Absent the prepaid premiums, the FDIC said that the agency's Deposit Insurance Fund ... would face a liquidity crunch early next year, and that it will be operating in the red by the end of this month.

The FDIC said that the prepayments would raise $45 billion for the fund. The board said it estimates that total bank failure losses could reach $100 billion by 2013.
emphasis added

by Calculated Risk on 9/29/2009 10:33:00 AM

Here is a hockey stick graph ...

Click on graph for larger image in new window.

Fannie Mae reported that the serious delinquency rate for conventional loans in its single-family guarantee business increased to 4.17 percent in July, up from 3.94 percent in June - and up from 1.45% in July 2008.

"Includes seriously delinquent conventional single-family loans as a percent of the total number of conventional single-family loans. These rates are based on conventional single-family mortgage loans and exclude reverse mortgages and non-Fannie Mae mortgage securities held in our portfolio."

Just more evidence of some shadow inventory and the next wave of foreclosures.

Update: These stats include Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP) loans in trial modifications.

by Calculated Risk on 9/29/2009 09:00:00 AM

S&P/Case-Shiller released their monthly Home Price Indices for July this morning.

This monthly data includes prices for 20 individual cities, and two composite indices (10 cities and 20 cities). This is the Seasonally Adjusted data - others report the NSA data.

Click on graph for larger image in new window.

The first graph shows the nominal seasonally adjusted Composite 10 and Composite 20 indices (the Composite 20 was started in January 2000).

The Composite 10 index is off 31.6% from the peak, and up about 1.3% in July.

The Composite 20 index is off 30.6% from the peak, and up 1.2% in July.


The second graph shows the Year over year change in both indices.

The Composite 10 is off 12.8% from July 2008.
The Composite 20 is off 11.5% from last year.

This is still a very strong YoY decline.

The third graph shows the price declines from the peak for each city included in S&P/Case-Shiller indices.

Prices increased (SA) in 17 of the 20 Case-Shiller cities in July.

In Las Vegas, house prices have declined 55.2% from the peak. At the other end of the spectrum, prices in Dallas are only off about 4.9% from the peak - and up in 2009. Prices have declined by double digits almost everywhere.

The debate continues - is the price increase because of the seasonal mix (distressed sales vs. non-distressed sales), the impact of the first-time home buyer frenzy on prices, and the slowdown in the foreclosure process (with a huge shadow inventory), or have prices actually bottomed? I think we will see further house price declines in many areas.

I'll compare house prices to the stress test scenarios soon.

by Calculated Risk on 9/28/2009 11:14:00 PM

Here are some unintended consequences ...

According to the NAR, the "first-time" homebuyer tax credit will lead to an additional 350 thousand homes sold in 2009. As I've mentioned before, this tax credit is inefficient and poorly targeted, costing taxpayers about $43,000 for each additional home sold.

And where are those 350 thousand buyers coming from? My guess is most were probably renters (a few might have been living in their parent's basements!).

Click on graph for larger image in new window.

And what will be the impact on the rental vacancy rate?

The rental vacancy rate was already at a record 10.6% in Q2 2009. Some quick math suggests the tax credit will push the national vacancy rate above 11% soon.

And that means even more pressure on rents (rents are already falling). This is good news for renters, but this will also lead to more apartment defaults, higher default rates for apartment CMBS, and more losses for small and regional banks.

And falling rents are already pushing down owners' equivalent rent (OER), and my guess is OER will probably turn negative soon. Since OER is the largest component of CPI (and almost 40% of core CPI), this will push down CPI for some time.

Extend the tax credit and we might be looking at the core CPI showing deflation. Welcome to the Fed's nightmare.

by Calculated Risk on 9/28/2009 08:38:00 PM

From Reuters: S&P cuts MBIA, MBIA Insurance as losses continue

Standard & Poor's on Monday cut its ratings on MBIA Inc and its structured finance insurance arm, MBIA Insurance Corp, citing an expectation the company will continue to take significant losses from insuring risky loans. ... The outlook for both companies is negative ...

From S&P:

We downgraded MBIA and the holding company because macroeconomic conditions continue to contribute to losses on the group's structured finance products. Losses on MBIA's 2005-2007 vintage direct RMBS and CDO of ABS could be higher than we had expected. However, the downgrade also reflects potentially increased losses in other asset classes, including but not limited to CMBS and--for other years prior to 2005--within RMBS.
...
The negative outlook on MBIA and the holding company reflects our view that adverse loss development on the structured finance book could continue. In the next few years, liquidity will likely be adequate to meet debt-service and holding-company obligations (including operating expenses). However, increased losses and earnings volatility could still occur. ... Considering the runoff nature of the franchise, it is unlikely that we would raise the rating. Alternatively, if there were increased losses within the investment portfolio, potential reserve charges, or diminished liquidity, we could take a negative rating action.
emphasis added

There is still significant counterparty risk for the banks from both MBIA and Ambac.

by Calculated Risk on 9/28/2009 04:25:00 PM

From the Financial Times: FDIC considers calling for bank advances

The FDIC’s board, which meets on Tuesday to discuss options, is currently leaning towards asking banks to pay several years’ worth of its fees in advance ...
excerpted with permission

The other alternatives are 1) borrowing from the Treasury, 2) borrowing from healthy banks, or 3) assessing banks another special fee.

The options of borrowing from the Treasury, or from healthy banks, are apparently off the table for now. On Friday, FDIC Chairwoman Sheila Bair said about borrowing from banks: "It's a possibility, I assume. I don't see that as a preferred option, but it is something in the statute."

So it appears the FDIC will ask for three years of assessments in advance, or about $36 billion according to Reuters.

The advantage to the banks of prepaying assessments (as opposed to another special assessment) is the banks don't have to record the expense immediately.

by Calculated Risk on 9/28/2009 01:08:00 PM

From Bloomberg: Pimco’s Clarida Says U.S. Savings Rate May Exceed 8%

Pacific Investment Management Co. strategic adviser Richard Clarida said the U.S. savings rate may exceed 8 percent, hurting consumer spending and weighing on the economic recovery.

“I’m in the glass is half empty camp,” Clarida said during an interview in New York on Bloomberg radio. “Traditionally the consumer comes to the rescue of economic recoveries. We’ll see a more subdued consumer.”
...
“Economic growth will be choppy,” Clarida said. “We see the economy recovering. There will be some quarters above two percent, and others below.”
...
“At some point as unemployment declines, the Fed will need to renormalize rates,” Clarida said. “It’s too soon to tell the pace at which they will renormalize. I don’t think there will be a Fed hike until late 2010 or 2011.”

The article mentions that future data suggests traders believe there is a 72 percent change that the Fed will raise the Fed Funds rate by April. I agree with Clarida that the Fed will not hike rates until late 2010 - at the earliest.

And here is a graph of the annual saving rate back to 1929⁽¹⁾. Note: 2009 is through Q2.

Click on graph for large image.

Notice that the saving rate went negative during the Depression as household used savings to supplement income. And the saving rate rose to over 25% during WWII.

There is a long period of a rising saving rate (from after WWII to 1974) and a long period of a declining saving rate (from 1975 to 2008).

Some of the change in saving rate was related to demographics. As the large baby boom cohort entered the work force in the mid '70s, the saving rate declined (younger families usually save less), however I expected the saving rate to start to rise as the boomers reached their mid-40s (in the late '90s). This didn't happen.

Perhaps the twin bubbles - stock market and housing - deluded the boomers into thinking they had saved more than they actually had. It definitely appears many families treated mortgage equity extraction as part of their income during the bubble years - and the Home ATM is now closed.

Whatever the reason, I expect the saving rate to continue to rise over the next year or two. And that raises a question: what will be the impact on PCE of a rising saving rate?

I created the following scatter graph for the period from 1955 through early 2009. This compares the annual change in PCE with the annual change in the saving rate.

Note that R-squared is only .125, so there are other factors impacting PCE (like changes in income!).

But a rising saving rate does seem to suppress PCE (as expected). If the saving rate rises to 8% by the end of 2010 (as PIMCO expects), this suggests that real PCE growth will be about 1% below trend per year.

So with wages barely rising, and a rising saving rate suppressing PCE, I'd expect PCE growth to be sluggish for some time. And since PCE is usually one of the engines of recovery (along with residential investment), I expect the recovery to be very sluggish too (what Clarida calls "choppy").

⁽¹⁾Note: much of this analysis is from MEW, Consumption and Personal Saving Rate in May.

by Calculated Risk on 9/28/2009 11:18:00 AM

I haven't posted this in some time. During the crisis these indicators showed the stress in the credit markets - now the LIBOR and TED spread just show that the Fed has been effective in lowering these rates. These might be interesting to watch as the Fed unwinds their various policy initiatives.

From Dow Jones: Key US Dollar Libor Downward Trend Stabilizes Monday

The cost of borrowing longer-term U.S. dollars in the London interbank market stabilized Monday, while the equivalent euro and sterling rates fell to record lows.

Data from the BBA showed three-month dollar Libor ... remained unchanged from Friday at 0.2825%.

The three-month rate has fallen steeply since reaching 4.81875% on Oct. 10 2008, when interbank market tensions peaked.

That is good news for anyone with an ARM tied to the LIBOR.

Click on graph for larger image in new window.

There has been improvement in the A2P2 spread. This has declined to 0.13. This is far below the record (for this cycle) of 5.86 after Thanksgiving, and is about the normal spread.

This is the spread between high and low quality 30 day nonfinancial commercial paper.

The TED spread is now at the low end of the normal range of 19.22.

This is the difference between the interbank rate for three month loans and the three month Treasury. The peak was 463 on Oct 10th and a normal spread is below 50 bps.

The third graph shows the spread between 30 year Moody's Aaa and Baa rated bonds and the 30 year treasury.

The spread has decreased sharply, but the spreads are still high, especially for lower rated paper.

The Moody's data is from the St. Louis Fed:

Moody's tries to include bonds with remaining maturities as close as possible to 30 years. Moody's drops bonds if the remaining life falls below 20 years, if the bond is susceptible to redemption, or if the rating changes.

by Calculated Risk on 9/28/2009 08:42:00 AM

From the Chicago Fed: Index shows economic activity lower in August

The Chicago Fed National Activity Index was –0.90 in August, down from –0.56 in July. Three of the four broad categories of indicators made negative contributions to the CFNAI in August; the production and income category made a positive contribution to the index for the second consecutive month.

Click on table for larger image in new window.

This graph shows the Chicago Fed National Activity Index (three month moving average) since 1967. According to the Chicago Fed:

"[T]he Chicago Fed National Activity Index (CFNAI), is a weighted average of 85 existing, monthly indicators of national economic activity. The CFNAI provides a single, summary measure of a common factor in these national economic data ...

[T]he CFNAI-MA3 appears to be a useful guide for identifying whether the economy has slipped into and out of a recession. This is useful because the definitive recognition of business cycle turning points usually occurs many months after the event. For example, even though the 1990-91 recession ended in March 1991, the NBER business cycle dating committee did not officially announce the recession’s end until 21 months later in December 1992. ...

When the economy is coming out of a recession, the CFNAI-MA3 moves significantly into positive territory a few months after the official NBER date of the trough. Specifically, after the onset of a recession, when the index first crosses +0.20, the recession has ended according to the NBER business cycle measures."

Note: this is based on only a few recessions, but this is one of the indicators to watch to determine when the recession ends - although it will go positive a "few months after the official NBER date of the trough".

by Calculated Risk on 9/27/2009 09:52:00 PM

The Financial Times reports that U.S. financial regulators are considering new ratios for banks to determine the dependence on short-term borrowing: US banks face short-term borrowing rules

... “Capital is critical, but liquidity enhancement is a necessary piece of the puzzle,” said Kevin Bailey, deputy comptroller [OCC] ...

One ratio would compare a bank’s assets to its stable sources of funding, such as deposits or longer-term unsecured debt.
excerpted with permission

These measures are intended to gauge the liquidity of banks - and prevent future banks runs like with what happened at Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers.

The Wall Street banks relied heavily on commercial paper, and when that market froze, the banks experienced a severe liquidity crisis.

Some smaller regional and local have relied on brokered deposits to fund their short term needs. The NY Times had a article on brokered deposits back in July: For Banks, Wads of Cash and Loads of Trouble

To lure the money from brokers, banks typically had to offer unusually high rates. That, in turn, often led them to make ever riskier loans, leaving them vulnerable when the economy collapsed. ...

Hot money has bedeviled regulators for three decades and they are starting to fight back, albeit tentatively, devising new restrictions to keep the practice from taking more banks down. But in one of the hidden lobbying battles in Washington this year, the banks are pushing hard to keep the money flowing.

So far the banks are winning, and the hot money continues to fuel bank growth.

It sounds like the regulators are pushing back.

by Calculated Risk on 9/27/2009 05:12:00 PM

From the NY Times: New Rules Coming Soon

On Oct. 1, new rules adopted by the Federal Reserve will go into effect, requiring greater diligence on the part of mortgage lenders and brokers who make so-called high cost loans for borrowers with weak credit. The interest rates on these loans are at least 1.5 percentage points higher than the average prime mortgage rate.
...
The regulations — finalized in July 2008 but only now being put into effect — bar lenders from making a high-cost mortgage without verifying that a borrower could repay the loan in the conventional way, and not simply through a foreclosure sale.
...
During the home lending boom from 2003 to 2006, subprime lenders would often offer loans without requiring borrowers to prove that they could make the monthly payments. With stated-income loans — or as some called them, “liar loans” — borrowers could easily fabricate annual income figures and even buy a home without a down payment.
...
According to Uriah King, a senior policy associate for the Center for Responsible Lending, a consumer advocacy group based in Durham, N.C., the new federal rules are “important, and they are good.”

But Mr. King says the new regulations are “five years too late.”

It is hard to believe it has taken this long. I think Uriah King meant "eight years (or more) too late"!

Here is the 2008 Press Release from the Fed:

The final rule adds four key protections for a newly defined category of "higher-priced mortgage loans" secured by a consumer's principal dwelling. For loans in this category, these protections will:

• Prohibit a lender from making a loan without regard to borrowers' ability to repay the loan from income and assets other than the home's value. A lender complies, in part, by assessing repayment ability based on the highest scheduled payment in the first seven years of the loan. To show that a lender violated this prohibition, a borrower does not need to demonstrate that it is part of a "pattern or practice."
• Require creditors to verify the income and assets they rely upon to determine repayment ability.
• Ban any prepayment penalty if the payment can change in the initial four years. For other higher-priced loans, a prepayment penalty period cannot last for more than two years. This rule is substantially more restrictive than originally proposed.
• Require creditors to establish escrow accounts for property taxes and homeowner's insurance for all first-lien mortgage loans.