by Calculated Risk on 5/24/2009 10:43:00 AM

This is another "Deal of the Week" from Zach Fox at the North County Times (San Diego): New construction, same discount.

August 2000: $310,000 (new)

January 2006: $620,000

March 2009: $339,000

Zach describes the house: 'four bedrooms, two-and-a-half baths, 2,231 square feet and a lot some might compare to a postage stamp.'

by Calculated Risk on 5/24/2009 01:13:00 AM

Another video from Jim ...

by Calculated Risk on 5/23/2009 07:30:00 PM

From Federal Reserve Vice Chairman Donald Kohn: Interactions between Monetary and Fiscal Policy in the Current Situation

A few excerpts:

[I]n the current weak economic environment, a fiscal expansion may be much more effective in providing a sustained boost to economic activity. With traditional monetary policy currently constrained from further reductions in the target policy rate, and with many analysts forecasting lower-than-desired inflation and a persistent, large output gap, agents may anticipate that the target federal funds rate will remain near zero for an extended period. In this situation, fiscal stimulus could lead to a considerably smaller increase in long-term interest rates and the foreign exchange value of the dollar, and to smaller decreases in asset prices, than under more normal circumstances. Indeed, if market participants anticipate the expansionary fiscal policy to be relatively temporary, and the period of weak economic activity and constrained traditional monetary policy to be relatively extended, they may not expect any increase in short-term interest rates for quite some time, thus damping any rise in long-term interest rates.
emphasis added

And on the transition back to normal monetary policy:

An important issue with our nontraditional policies is the transition back to a more normal stance and operations of monetary policy as financial conditions improve and economic activity picks up enough to increase resource utilization. These actions will be critical to ensuring price stability as the real economy returns to normal. The decision about the timing of a turnaround in policy will be similar to that faced by the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) in every cyclical downturn--it has to choose when, and how quickly, to start raising the federal funds rate. In the current circumstances, the difference will be that we will have to start this process with an unusually large and more extended balance sheet.

In my view, the economy is only now beginning to show signs that it might be stabilizing, and the upturn, when it begins, is likely to be gradual amid the balance sheet repair of financial intermediaries and households. As a consequence, it probably will be some time before the FOMC will need to begin to raise its target for the federal funds rate. Nonetheless, to ensure confidence in our ability to sustain price stability, we need to have a framework for managing our balance sheet when it is time to move to contain inflation pressures.

Our expanded liquidity facilities have been explicitly designed to wind down as conditions in financial markets return to normal, because the costs of using these facilities are set higher than would typically prevail in private markets during more usual times.

Kohn argues:

Economy "only now beginning" to stabilize.

Kohn thinks the recovery will "be gradual amid the balance sheet repair of financial intermediaries and households".

Fed Funds rate will probably be zero for "some time".

The large output gap will keep long term interest rates and inflation in check.

by Calculated Risk on 5/23/2009 05:38:00 PM

A couple of articles on Phoenix...

From David Streitfeld at the NY Times: Amid Housing Bust, Phoenix Begins a New Frenzy

With this sweltering desert city enduring one of the largest tumbles in housing prices for any urban area since the Depression, there is an unrelenting stream of foreclosures to choose from. On some days, hundreds are offered for sale at the auctions that take place on the plaza in front of the county courthouse.

There is also a large supply of foreclosed families who can no longer qualify for a loan. And that is prompting a flood of investors like Mr. Jarvis, who wants to turn as many of these people as possible into rent-paying tenants in the houses they used to own.
...
The low end of the real estate market here — and in some equally hard-hit places like inland California and coastal Florida — is becoming as wild as anything during the boom.

One real estate agent was showing a foreclosed house to a prospective client when a passer-by saw the open door, came in and snapped up the property. Another agent says she was having the lock changed on a bank-owned home when a man happened by, found out from the locksmith that it was available, and immediately bought it. Bidding wars are routine.

And from Nicholas Riccardi at the LA Times: Phoenix's housing bust goes boom

After four years of renting because they were priced out of the real estate market, Jamia Jenkins and Scott Renshaw concluded the time had arrived for them to buy.

They saw that home prices had dropped so fast here -- faster than in any other big city in the nation -- that mortgage payments would be less than the $900 they paid in rent. The city is littered with foreclosed houses, so the couple figured they could easily snatch up something in the low $100,000s.

Three months later, they're still looking.

They have submitted 13 offers and been overbid each time.

"It's just pathetic," said Jenkins, 53. "Investors are going out there and outbidding everyone."

It is important to note that this activity is at the low end, and many of these buyers are cash flow investors (assuming they can find renters).

“If Phoenix loses population,” Mr. Jarvis says, “then buying houses here is a bad bet.”

But this is just at the low end. Since most of the activity is distressed sales - foreclosures and short sales - there are no move up buyers. As Mike Orr, a Phoenix real estate analyst notes in the LA Times:

Orr thinks mid- and high-priced properties still will lose value in the coming months.

"I wouldn't be investing in luxury right now," he said.

And Streitfeld concludes:

As Mr. Jarvis scouts for houses, he sometimes finds a familiar one. In February, he saw a home that one of his brothers bought from a builder in 2005, camping out overnight for the opportunity. With its value now shrunk, the brother was letting it go to foreclosure.

Mr. Jarvis’s daughter Jade also bought a house at the market’s peak — in her case to live in. The other day she asked for advice: should she keep paying the mortgage on something that had declined in value by 60 percent? His conclusion: “probably not.”

“Am I teaching my kids right by letting them walk away from something they made a commitment to?” Mr. Jarvis wonders.

At the low end there is demand from first time buyers, renters and cash flow investors. The supply is coming from foreclosures and short sales - and when that activity eventually slows, the supply will probably come from these investors!

But without move up buyers, where will the mid-to-high priced buyers come from? That is an important question.

For more, see House Price Puzzle: Mid-to-High End

by Calculated Risk on 5/23/2009 01:08:00 PM

From the Chicago Fed: Farmland Values and Credit Conditions

There was a quarterly decrease of 6 percent in the value of “good” agricultural land—the largest quarterly decline since 1985—according to a survey of 227 bankers in the Seventh Federal Reserve District on April 1, 2009. Also, the year-over-year increase in District farmland values eroded to just 2 percent in the first quarter of 2009.

Click on graph for larger image in new window.

This graphs shows nominal and real farm prices based on data from the Chicago Fed.

In real terms, the current increase in farm prices wasn't as severe as the bubble in the late '70s and early '80s that led to numerous farm foreclosures in the U.S.

The second graph shows the charge-off and delinquency rates for agricultural loans from the Federal Reserve.

The charge-off data goes back to 1985, the delinquency data back to 1987.

Many farmers borrowed against the increase in land values in the '70s, and then couldn't make the payments after land prices collapsed in the early '80s; leading to higher agricultural loan defaults.

So far prices have only fallen for one quarter, but the delinquency and charge-offs rates are already starting to increase.

Looking at the collapse in farm prices in the early '80s, it is not surprising that John Mellencamp wrote "Rain On The Scarecrow" in 1985.

by Calculated Risk on 5/23/2009 09:12:00 AM

From The Times: Professor Robert Shiller warns Britain may suffer a double recession

One of the world's most influential economists warns today that Britain faces the prospect of two recessions in quick succession.

Robert Shiller, Professor of Economics at Yale University, said that the recent stock market bounce should be treated with caution.
...
The apparent upturn could soon go into reverse, he told The Times, marking a repeat of economic patterns in the 1930s and the 1980s. Such a double-dip slowdown has been nicknamed by economists a “W-shaped” recession, where recovery is so fragile, the country could be plunged into another slowdown as soon as it emerged from the last.
...
Last week Alistair Darling, the Chancellor, brushed aside doubts that his Budget forecasts had been overoptimistic and predicted that the recession would be over by Christmas. Many economists in the City believe that Britain will stagnate until the end of 2010 and that unemployment will continue to rise well after that.

... he warned that “there is a real possiblity of another recession. We may well see more bad news. It is a real failure of the imagination to think otherwise.”

He said that there were a number of issues that threatened any long-term recovery for the British economy - rising unemployment, mortgage defaults, and another wave of new company failures that “could surprise us yet”.

Professor Shiller also said that the banks were still harbouring large portfolios of troubled assets.
...
He added: “In 1931 in the US, President Hoover unveiled his recovery plan - there was a huge stock market rally — the market improved but it didn't hold because bad news kept coming in. Increased confidence can be a self-fulfilling prophecy but it doesn't always hold.”

Professor Shiller said, however, that he believed another likely scenario to be one where Britain would face a continuous decline with house prices falling for a number of years, drawing comparisons with the decade of misery in Japan in the 1990s.

Shiller is talking about the British economy, but the U.S. economy has many of the same problems.

by Calculated Risk on 5/22/2009 10:40:00 PM

Three banks were closed by the FDIC this week, for a total of 36 banks so far in 2009. The largest was BankUnited in Florida with $12.8 billion in assets.

To put those failures into perspective, here are three graphs: the first shows the number of bank failures by year since the FDIC was founded, and the second graph includes bank failures during the Depression. The third graph shows the size of the assets and deposits (in current dollars).

Click on graph for larger image in new window.

Back in the '80s, there was some minor multiple counting ... as an example, when First City of Texas failed on Oct 30, 1992 there were 18 different banks closed by the FDIC. This multiple counting was minor, and there were far more bank failures in the late '80s and early '90s than this year.

Note: there are approximately 8,300 FDIC insured banks currently.

The second graph includes the 1920s and shows that failures during the S&L crisis were far less than during the '20s and early '30s (before the FDIC was enacted).

Note how small the S&L crisis appears on this graph! The number of bank failures soared to 4000 (estimated) in 1933.

During the Roaring '20s, 500 bank failures per year was common - even with a booming economy - with depositors typically losing 30% to 40% of their bank deposits in the failed institutions. No wonder even the rumor of a problem caused a run on the bank!

The third graph shows the bank failures by total assets and deposits per year in current dollars adjusted with CPI. This data is from the FDIC (1) and starts in 1934.

WaMu accounted for a vast majority of the assets and deposits of failed banks in 2008, and it is important to remember that WaMu was closed by the FDIC, and sold to JPMorgan Chase Bank, at no cost to the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF).

There are many more bank failures to come over the next couple of years, mostly because of losses related to Construction & Development (C&D) and Commercial Real Estate (CRE) loans, but so far, especially excluding WaMu, the total assets and deposits of failed FDIC insured banks is much smaller than in the '80s and early '90s.

Of course this is FDIC insured bank failures only. An investment bank like Lehman isn't included. Nor is the support for AIG, Citigroup and all the other "too big to fail" institutions ...

(1) The FDIC assets and deposit data is here. Click on Failures & Assistance Transactions.

by Calculated Risk on 5/22/2009 07:43:00 PM

Darwin had it right
Stronger banks ingest the weak
No morsel remains
by Soylent Green is People
From the FDIC: Morton Community Bank, Morton, Illinois, Assumes All of the Deposits of Citizens National Bank, Macomb, Illinois

Citizens National Bank, Macomb, Illinois, was closed today by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as receiver. To protect the depositors, the FDIC entered into a purchase and assumption agreement with Morton Community Bank, Morton, Illinois, to assume all of the deposits of Citizens National Bank, excluding those from brokers.
...
As of May 13, 2009, Citizens National Bank had total assets of $437 million and total deposits of approximately $400 million. Morton Community Bank agreed to purchase approximately $240 million of assets. The FDIC will retain the remaining assets for later disposition.
...
The FDIC estimates that the cost to the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) will be $106 million. Morton Community Bank's acquisition of all the deposits was the "least costly" resolution for the FDIC's DIF compared to alternatives. Citizens National Bank is the 36th FDIC-insured institution to fail in the nation this year, and the fifth in Illinois. The last FDIC-insured institution to be closed in the state was Strategic Capital Bank, Champaign, earlier today.

by Calculated Risk on 5/22/2009 07:07:00 PM

Fiasco bankers
Addicted to public cash
Only flushed away
by Soylent Green is People
From the FDIC: Midland States Bank, Effingham, Illinois, Assumes All of the Deposits of Strategic Capital Bank, Champaign , Illinois

Strategic Capital Bank, Champaign, Illinois, was closed today by the Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation, Division of Banking, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) as receiver. To protect the depositors, the FDIC entered into a purchase and assumption agreement with Midland States Bank, Effingham, Illinois, to assume all of the deposits of Strategic Capital Bank.
...
As of May 13, 2009, Strategic Capital Bank had total assets of $537 million and total deposits of approximately $471 million. ...

The FDIC estimates that the cost to the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) will be $173 million. Midland States Bank's acquisition of all the deposits was the "least costly" resolution for the FDIC's DIF compared to alternatives. Strategic Capital Bank is the 35th FDIC-insured institution to fail in the nation this year, and the fourth in Illinois. The last FDIC-insured institution to be closed in the state was Heritage Community Bank, Glenwood, on February 27, 2009.

by Calculated Risk on 5/22/2009 04:14:00 PM

The post title needs context ...

We all have moments we will never forget. One of mine occurred when I entered Harvard Yard for the first time, a 17-year-old freshman. It was late on Saturday night, I had had a grueling trip, and as I entered the Yard, I put down my two suitcases with a thump. I looked around at the historic old brick buildings, covered with ivy. Parties were going on, students were calling to each other across the Yard, stereos were blasting out of dorm windows. I took in the scene, so foreign to my experience, and I said to myself, "What have I done?"
Ben Bernanke, May 22, 2009

Excerpts from Fed Chaiman Bernanke's commencement address at Boston College School of Law, Newton, Massachusetts on dealing with the reality of unpredictability:

I'd like to offer a few thoughts today about the inherent unpredictability of our individual lives and how one might go about dealing with that reality. As an economist and policymaker, I have plenty of experience in trying to foretell the future, because policy decisions inevitably involve projections of how alternative policy choices will influence the future course of the economy. The Federal Reserve, therefore, devotes substantial resources to economic forecasting. Likewise, individual investors and businesses have strong financial incentives to try to anticipate how the economy will evolve. With so much at stake, you will not be surprised to know that, over the years, many very smart people have applied the most sophisticated statistical and modeling tools available to try to better divine the economic future. But the results, unfortunately, have more often than not been underwhelming. Like weather forecasters, economic forecasters must deal with a system that is extraordinarily complex, that is subject to random shocks, and about which our data and understanding will always be imperfect. In some ways, predicting the economy is even more difficult than forecasting the weather, because an economy is not made up of molecules whose behavior is subject to the laws of physics, but rather of human beings who are themselves thinking about the future and whose behavior may be influenced by the forecasts that they or others make. To be sure, historical relationships and regularities can help economists, as well as weather forecasters, gain some insight into the future, but these must be used with considerable caution and healthy skepticism.

And on how he ended up becoming an economist:

After I arrived at college, unpredictable factors continued to shape my future. In college I chose to major in economics as a compromise between math and English, and because a senior economics professor liked a paper I wrote and offered me a summer job. In graduate school at MIT, I became interested in monetary and financial history when a professor gave me several books to read on the subject. I found historical accounts of financial crises particularly fascinating. I determined that I would learn more about the causes of financial crises, their effects on economic performance, and methods of addressing them. Little did I realize then how relevant that subject would become one day. Later I met my wife Anna, to whom I have been married now for 31 years, on a blind date.

I'm sure someone has a good blind date joke that would fit here.