by Calculated Risk on 1/06/2012 12:29:00 PM

Here are the earlier employment posts:
• December Employment Report: 200,000 Jobs, 8.5% Unemployment Rate
• Employment Summary, Part Time Workers, and Unemployed over 26 Weeks
• Employment graph gallery (fast, no scripting)

And a few more graphs ...

Seasonal Retail Hiring
According to the BLS, retailers hired seasonal workers at the pre-recession pace in 2011.

Click on graph for larger image.

This graph shows the historical net retail jobs added for October, November and December by year. Typically retail companies start hiring for the holiday season in October, and really increase hiring in November.

Retailers hired 718.5 thousand workers (NSA) net this year. This is about the same level as in 2006 and 2007. Note: this is NSA (Not Seasonally Adjusted).

This suggests a fairly strong holiday season.

Duration of Unemployment
This graph shows the duration of unemployment as a percent of the civilian labor force. The graph shows the number of unemployed in four categories: less than 5 week, 6 to 14 weeks, 15 to 26 weeks, and 27 weeks or more.

All categories are moving down (the less than 5 week category is back to normal levels). The other categories are still high.

The the long term unemployed declined to 3.6% of the labor force - this is still very high, but the lowest since September 2009.

Unemployment by Education
This graph shows the unemployment rate by four levels of education (all groups are 25 years and older).

Unfortunately this data only goes back to 1992 and only includes one previous recession (the stock / tech bust in 2001). Clearly education matters with regards to the unemployment rate - and it appears all four groups are generally trending down.

Note: This says nothing about the quality of jobs - as an example, a college graduate working at minimum wage would be considered "employed".

Diffusion Indexes
This is a little more technical. The BLS diffusion index for total private employment was at 61.2 in December, up from 50.7 in November. For manufacturing, the diffusion index increased to 56.8, up from 40.7 in November.

Think of this as a measure of how widespread job gains are across industries. The further from 50 (above or below), the more widespread the job losses or gains reported by the BLS. From the BLS:

Figures are the percent of industries with employment increasing plus one-half of the industries with unchanged employment, where 50 percent indicates an equal balance between industries with increasing and decreasing employment.

It appears job growth was spread across more industries in December (good news).

We'd like to see the diffusion indexes consistently above 60 - and even in the 70s like in the '1990s.

by Calculated Risk on 1/06/2012 10:01:00 AM

This was a decent report compared to expectations, but it was still weak compared to the number of people unemployed and the high level of unemployment.

There were 200,000 payroll jobs added in December. This included 212,000 private sector jobs added, and 12,000 government jobs lost. The unemployment rate fell to 8.5% from a revised 8.7% in November (revised from 8.6%). U-6, an alternate measure of labor underutilization that includes part time workers and marginally attached workers, declined to 15.2% - this remains very high. U-6 was in the 8% range in 2007.

For the year, the economy added 1.64 million total non-farm jobs or just 137 thousand per month. This is a better pace of payroll job creation than in 2010, but the economy still has 6.0 million fewer payroll jobs than at the beginning of the 2007 recession.

There were 1.92 million private sector jobs added in 2011, or about 160 thousand per month.

Both the participation rate and the employment population ratio were unchanged in December at 64.0% and 58.5% respectively.

The average workweek was increased slightly to 34.4 hours, and average hourly earnings increased 0.2%. "The average workweek for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls increased by 0.1 hour to 34.4 hours in December. ... In December, average hourly earnings for all employees on private nonfarm payrolls rose by 4 cents, or 0.2 percent, to $23.24. Over the past 12 months, average hourly earnings have increased by 2.1 percent." This is sluggish earnings growth, and earnings are being impacted by the large number of unemployed and marginally employed workers.

There are a total of 13.1 million Americans unemployed and 5.6 million have been unemployed for more than 6 months. Still very grim.

Overall this was a decent report compared to expectations, but still weak given the slack in the economy.

Percent Job Losses During Recessions

Click on graph for larger image.

This graph shows the job losses from the start of the employment recession, in percentage terms - this time aligned at maximum job losses.

In the previous post, the graph showed the job losses aligned at the start of the employment recession.

Part Time for Economic Reasons

From the BLS report:

The number of persons employed part time for economic reasons (sometimes referred to as involuntary part-time workers) declined by 371,000 to 8.1 million in December.

This is the lowest level since January 2009.

These workers are included in the alternate measure of labor underutilization (U-6) that decreased to 15.2% in December from 15.6% in November.

Unemployed over 26 Weeks

This graph shows the number of workers unemployed for 27 weeks or more.

According to the BLS, there are 5.588 million workers who have been unemployed for more than 26 weeks and still want a job. This was down from 5.680 million in November. This is still very high, but this is the lowest number since Oct 2009. Long term unemployment remains a serious problem.

More graphs coming ...

by Calculated Risk on 1/06/2012 08:30:00 AM

From the BLS:

Nonfarm payroll employment rose by 200,000 in December, and the unemployment rate,
at 8.5 percent, continued to trend down, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Job gains occurred in transportation and warehousing, retail trade, manufacturing, health care, and mining.
...
The change in total nonfarm payroll employment for October was revised from +100,000 to +112,000, and the change for November was revised from +120,000 to +100,000.

The following graph shows the employment population ratio, the participation rate, and the unemployment rate.

Click on graph for larger image.

The unemployment rate declined to 8.5% (red line).

The Labor Force Participation Rate was unchanged 64.0% in December (blue line). This is the percentage of the working age population in the labor force. The participation rate is well below the 66% to 67% rate that was normal over the last 20 years, although some of the decline is due to the aging population.

The Employment-Population ratio was unchanged at 58.5% in December (black line).

The second graph shows the job losses from the start of the employment recession, in percentage terms. The dotted line is ex-Census hiring.

This was a decent report and above consensus, but expectations are pretty low. I'll have much more soon ...

by Calculated Risk on 1/06/2012 12:05:00 AM

From Reuters: Office vacancies fell in Q4 as rents rose: Reis

The vacancy rate dipped to 17.3 percent in the quarter from 17.4 percent in the third quarter and 17.6 percent at the end of 2010, Reis said. ... effective rents ... rose 0.5 percent ... Some 12.3 million square feet of new office space came to market last year, it said, the lowest such level in 15 years.

"After four quarters of squeezing out gains in occupancy, the office sector has assuredly turned the corner and begun the process of recovery," Reis research chief Victor Calanog said ... "Still, given the severity of the last downturn and the lackluster pace of economic growth, it will be years before the office sector climbs out of the hole."

Click on graph for larger image.

This graph shows the office vacancy rate starting in 1991.

Reis is reporting the vacancy rate declined to 17.3% in Q4, down from 17.4% in Q3. The vacancy rate was at a cycle high of 17.6% in Q3 and Q4 2010. It appears the office vacancy rate peaked in 2010 and is declining very slowly.

As Reis noted, there are very few new office buildings being built in the US, and new construction will probably stay low for several years.

by Calculated Risk on 1/05/2012 07:30:00 PM

From the WSJ: Greece Debt Negotiations Move Toward Deal

The Greek government expects to wrap up talks seeking a 50% writedown on its debt owed to creditor banks by the end of this month ... Greece has agreed to consider that the new bonds be governed by English law, which means creditors would be allowed to seize Greek assets if the country fails on its payments. ... "If nothing changes we are hoping to have an agreement within the next three weeks or even earlier," a senior Greek government official said.

Earlier this week I posted a few key dates for Europe, here are the next few (in addition to the Greek debt deal):

Jan 9th: German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy meet in Berlin.
Jan 24th: EU finance ministers meet in Brussels.
Jan 30th: European Union leaders meet in Brussels on debt crisis.

Meanwhile the Italian 10 year yield is back above 7%, and the Spanish 10 year yield is up to 5.64%.

Earlier:
• Reis: Apartment Vacancy Rate falls to 5.2% in Q4, Lowest since 2001
• ADP: Private Employment increased 325,000 in December
• Weekly Initial Unemployment Claims decline to 372,000
• ISM Non-Manufacturing Index indicates slightly faster expansion in December
• Employment Situation Preview: Improved, but still not strong

by Calculated Risk on 1/05/2012 03:51:00 PM

Note: NFIB’s monthly small business survey for December will be released on Tuesday, January 10, 2012.

From the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB): NFIB Jobs Statement: No Rally in Jobs at Close of 2011, but Small Business is Cautiously Optimistic about 2012

Chief economist for the National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) William C. Dunkelberg, issued the following statement on the December job numbers, based on NFIB’s monthly economic survey that will be released on Tuesday, January 10, 2012. ...

“Unfortunately, December’s jobs numbers fizzled, with the net change in employment per firm turning negative again; small businesses lost an average .15 workers per firm. ... The good news is that the number of owners cutting jobs has ‘normalized’. In the past several months, reports of those cutting workers have been at the lowest levels since the recession started in December 2007. ... Over the next three months ... a seasonally adjusted net 6 percent of owners planning to create new jobs, a 1 point decline but still one of the strongest readings since September 2008.

Note: Small businesses have a larger percentage of real estate and retail related companies than the overall economy.

Here is a graph of the net hiring plans for the next three months since 1986.

Hiring plans declined slightly in December, but the trend is up.

It is no surprise that small businesses are struggling due to the high concentration of real estate related companies in the survey. This is another slightly discouraging survey before the BLS report tomorrow.

Earlier:
• Reis: Apartment Vacancy Rate falls to 5.2% in Q4, Lowest since 2001
• ADP: Private Employment increased 325,000 in December
• Weekly Initial Unemployment Claims decline to 372,000
• ISM Non-Manufacturing Index indicates slightly faster expansion in December
• Employment Situation Preview: Improved, but still not strong

by Calculated Risk on 1/05/2012 01:29:00 PM

Tomorrow (Friday) the BLS will release the December Employment Situation Summary at 8:30 AM ET. Bloomberg is showing the consensus is for an increase of 150,000 payroll jobs in December, and for the unemployment rate to increase slightly to 8.7%. The consensus is probably moving up based on recent reports.

Here is a summary of recent data:

• The ADP employment report showed an increase of 325,000 private sector payroll jobs in December. Although ADP seems to track the BLS over time, the ADP report hasn't been very useful in predicting the BLS report. Also note that government payrolls have been shrinking by about 24,000 on average per month this year, so this suggests around 325,000 private nonfarm payroll jobs added, minus 24,000 government workers - or around 301,000 total jobs added in December.

However we need to use caution with the ADP report in December. From Jan Norman at the O.C. Register:

... Joel Prakken, chairman of Macroeconomic Advisers, cautioned that the number may be inflated by an annual accounting correction that ADP does with its customers' data every December. That procedure tends to overstate seasonal adjustment of job gains in the aftermath of a recession.

And an explanation from Goldman's Andrew Tilton last year:

Because the ADP report counts the number of people on payrolls, regardless of how many hours they worked (or whether they worked at all), its accuracy depends on company payrolls being up to date. In reality, some companies do not immediately delete departing workers from their payroll records. Those that do not often wait until the end of the year. As a result, December in particular typically sees a meaningful decline in payrolls in the raw ADP data. The reported data are adjusted in an attempt to account for this behavior, but insofar as “purging” occurs to a greater or lesser extent than usual, it could affect the reported numbers. In particular, there was probably less purging in 2010 than in recent years, since data from the Labor Department make plain that the level of “separations” (layoffs or quits) declined this year. If this was less-than-fully accounted for by seasonal adjustment, the reported figure could show a large gain. (Note that the Labor Department’s survey does not suffer from the “purging” problem, since in that survey a person has to have actually reported hours in the survey period to be counted as employed.)

So ADP is probably overstating employment gains again this year.

• The ISM manufacturing employment index increased to 55.1% from 51.8% in November. Based on a historical correlation between the ISM index and the BLS employment report for manufacturing, this reading suggests the gain of ten thousand or so private sector payroll jobs for manufacturing in December.

The ISM service employment index increased to 49.4% from 48.9% in November. Based on a historical correlation between the ISM non-manufacturing employment index and the BLS employment report for service, this reading suggests the gain of around 45,000 private payroll jobs for services in December.

Overall the ISM surveys do not suggest a strong employment report.

• Initial weekly unemployment claims averaged about 375,000 in December, down from 396,000 per week in November, and down from 405,000 per week in October.

For the BLS reference week (includes the 12th of the month), initial claims were at the lowest level since May 2008. This is a very positive sign.

• The final December Reuters / University of Michigan consumer sentiment index increased to 69.9, up from the November reading of 64.1. This is frequently coincident with changes in the labor market, but also strongly related to gasoline prices and other factors. In general this low level would suggest a weak labor market - but slightly better than in the July through November period (the BLS reported an average of 132,000 per month for those five months).

• And on the unemployment rate from Gallup: Gallup Finds U.S. Unemployment Holding at 8.5% in December

Gallup finds U.S. unemployment, not seasonally adjusted, at 8.5% in December -- the same as at the end of November, but down from 9.6% a year ago. Gallup's unemployment measure suggests the government is likely to report essentially no change for December 2011 in its seasonally adjusted unemployment rate, though this December is especially hard to predict.

NOTE: The Gallup poll results are Not Seasonally Adjusted (NSA), so use with caution. This does suggest little change in the headline seasonally adjusted unemployment rate.

There always seems to be some randomness to the employment report, but the overall situation has improved (lower initial weekly unemployment claims, more job openings). However the ADP report is probably overstating December job growth, and the ISM surveys still suggest sluggish job growth - I'll take the over (above 150,000), but I don't expect a strong report as suggested by ADP.

by Calculated Risk on 1/05/2012 10:00:00 AM

The December ISM Non-manufacturing index was at 52.6%, up from 52.0% in November. The employment index increased in December to 49.4%, up from 48.9% in November. Note: Above 50 indicates expansion, below 50 contraction.

From the Institute for Supply Management: December 2011 Non-Manufacturing ISM Report On Business®

Economic activity in the non-manufacturing sector grew in December for the 25th consecutive month, say the nation's purchasing and supply executives in the latest Non-Manufacturing ISM Report On Business®.

The report was issued today by Anthony Nieves, C.P.M., CFPM, chair of the Institute for Supply Management™ Non-Manufacturing Business Survey Committee. "The NMI registered 52.6 percent in December, 0.6 percentage point higher than the 52 percent registered in November, and indicating continued growth at a slightly faster rate in the non-manufacturing sector. The Non-Manufacturing Business Activity Index registered 56.2 percent, which is the same reading as reported in November, reflecting growth for the 29th consecutive month. The New Orders Index increased by 0.2 percentage point to 53.2 percent. The Employment Index increased 0.5 percentage point to 49.4 percent, indicating contraction in employment for the third time in the last four months. The Prices Index decreased 1.3 percentage points to 61.2 percent, indicating prices increased at a slower rate in December when compared to November. According to the NMI, 11 non-manufacturing industries reported growth in December. Respondents' comments are mixed and vary by industry and company. Economic growth continues to be slowed by the lag in employment."
emphasis added

Click on graph for larger image.

This graph shows the ISM non-manufacturing index (started in January 2008) and the ISM non-manufacturing employment diffusion index.

This was below the consensus forecast of 53.4% and indicates slightly faster expansion in December than in November.

by Calculated Risk on 1/05/2012 08:40:00 AM

The DOL reports (press release added):

In the week ending December 31, the advance figure for seasonally adjusted initial claims was 372,000, a decrease of 15,000 from the previous week's revised figure of 387,000. The 4-week moving average was 373,250, a decrease of 3,250 from the previous week's revised average of 376,500.

The following graph shows the 4-week moving average of weekly claims since January 2000.

Click on graph for larger image.

The dashed line on the graph is the current 4-week average. The four-week average of weekly unemployment claims decreased this week to 373,250.

This is the lowest level for the 4-week average since June 2008.

And here is a long term graph of weekly claims:

The 4-week moving average is still falling and is now well below 400,000.

This suggests fewer layoffs and more payroll jobs added in December.

All current Employment Graphs

by Calculated Risk on 1/05/2012 08:15:00 AM

ADP reports:

Private-sector employment increased by 325,000 from November to December on a seasonally adjusted basis, according to the latest ADP National Employment Report® released today. The ADP National Employment Report, created by Automatic Data Processing, Inc. (ADP®), in partnership with Macroeconomic Advisers, LLC, is derived from actual payroll data and measures the change in total nonfarm private employment each month. The estimated gain in employment from October to November was revised down slightly to 204,000 from the initially reported 206,000.

This was well above the consensus forecast of an increase of 160,000 private sector jobs in December. The BLS reports on Friday, and the consensus is for an increase of 150,000 payroll jobs in December, on a seasonally adjusted (SA) basis.

Government payrolls have been shrinking by about 24,000 per month this year. So this suggests around 325,000 private nonfarm payroll jobs added, minus 24,000 government workers - or around 301,000 total jobs added in December. Of course ADP hasn't been very useful in predicting the BLS report.