by Calculated Risk on 4/27/2011 06:04:00 PM

First, there were no surprises.

• Here is the video of the press conference (about 57 minutes).

• Bernanke commented that "extended period" probably implies that the Fed would not raise rates for a "couple of meetings" after the "extended period" language is removed from the FOMC statement. Back in 2003/2004, the Fed raised rates in June 2004, about six months after the last appearance of the "considerable period" language in December 2003.

• Bernanke discussed the "stock" versus "flow" view of the QE2 purchases, and he said the Fed does not expect any significant impact on markets when QE2 ends in June (we already knew this was the Fed's view). Bernanke also said the program would not be tapered off, but would just end.

• When asked if the Fed could do more about unemployment, Bernanke responded: "Going forward we'll have to continue to make judgments about whether additional steps are warranted. But as we do so, we have to keep in mind that we do have a dual mandate, that we do have to worry about both the rate of growth but also the inflation rate. And, as I was indicating earlier, I think that even purely from an employment perspective that if inflation were to become unmoored - inflation expectations were to rise significantly - that the cost of that in terms of employment loss in the future if we had to respond to that would be quite significant." This sounds like QE3 is unlikely unless the economy slows sharply (or inflation falls).

• Bernanke noted that an early exit step would be to stop reinvesting maturing securities. This suggests that the Fed will continue to reinvest maturing securities after QE2 ends in June. This is exactly what I've been expecting (from FOMC preview):

This suggests a timeline for the earliest Fed funds rate increase:
• End of QE2 in June.
• End of reinvestment 2+ months later.
• Drop extended period language a couple months later
• Raise rates in early to mid-2012.

That is probably the earliest the Fed would raise rates - and it could be much later.

• And here are the updated forecasts. The GDP forecast is lower, inflation is higher and the unemployment rate lower:

April 2011 Economic projections of Federal Reserve Governors and Reserve Bank presidents
	2011	2012	2013
Change in Real GDP	3.1 to 3.3	3.5 to 4.2	3.5 to 4.3
Previous Projection (Jan 2011)	3.4 to 3.9	3.5 to 4.4	3.7 to 4.6
Unemployment Rate	8.4 to 8.7	7.6 to 7.9	6.8 to 7.2
Previous Projection (Jan 2011)	8.8 to 9.0	7.6 to 8.1	6.8 to 7.2
PCE Inflaton	2.1 to 2.8	1.2 to 2.0	1.4 to 2.0
Previous Projection (Jan 2011)	1.3 to 1.7	1.0 to 1.9	1.2 to 2.0
Core PCE Inflation	1.3 to 1.6	1.3 to 1.8	1.4 to 2.0
Previous Projection (Jan 2011)	1.0 to 1.3	1.0 to 1.5	1.2 to 2.0

FOMC definitions:
¹ Projections of change in real GDP and in inflation are from the fourth quarter of the previous year to the fourth quarter of the year indicated.
² Projections for the unemployment rate are for the average civilian unemployment rate in the fourth quarter of the year indicated.

Earlier:
• Q1 2011: Homeownership Rate at 1998 Levels

by Calculated Risk on 4/27/2011 02:01:00 PM

Forecast added below (GDP down, inflation up, unemployment rate down):

April 2011 Economic projections of Federal Reserve Governors and Reserve Bank presidents
	2011	2012	2013
Change in Real GDP	3.1 to 3.3	3.5 to 4.2	3.5 to 4.3
Previous Projection (Jan 2011)	3.4 to 3.9	3.5 to 4.4	3.7 to 4.6
Unemployment Rate	8.4 to 8.7	7.6 to 7.9	6.8 to 7.2
Previous Projection (Jan 2011)	8.8 to 9.0	7.6 to 8.1	6.8 to 7.2
PCE Inflaton	2.1 to 2.8	1.2 to 2.0	1.4 to 2.0
Previous Projection (Jan 2011)	1.3 to 1.7	1.0 to 1.9	1.2 to 2.0
Core PCE Inflation	1.3 to 1.6	1.3 to 1.8	1.4 to 2.0
Previous Projection (Jan 2011)	1.0 to 1.3	1.0 to 1.5	1.2 to 2.0

FOMC definitions:
¹ Projections of change in real GDP and in inflation are from the fourth quarter of the previous year to the fourth quarter of the year indicated.
² Projections for the unemployment rate are for the average civilian unemployment rate in the fourth quarter of the year indicated.

by Calculated Risk on 4/27/2011 12:32:00 PM

A little weaker on economy ("firmer footing" last statement - the Fed's forecast will be released at the press briefing). A little more on inflation, but still "transitory".

From the Federal Reserve:

Information received since the Federal Open Market Committee met in March indicates that the economic recovery is proceeding at a moderate pace and overall conditions in the labor market are improving gradually. Household spending and business investment in equipment and software continue to expand. However, investment in nonresidential structures is still weak, and the housing sector continues to be depressed. Commodity prices have risen significantly since last summer, and concerns about global supplies of crude oil have contributed to a further increase in oil prices since the Committee met in March. Inflation has picked up in recent months, but longer-term inflation expectations have remained stable and measures of underlying inflation are still subdued.

Consistent with its statutory mandate, the Committee seeks to foster maximum employment and price stability. The unemployment rate remains elevated, and measures of underlying inflation continue to be somewhat low, relative to levels that the Committee judges to be consistent, over the longer run, with its dual mandate. Increases in the prices of energy and other commodities have pushed up inflation in recent months. The Committee expects these effects to be transitory, but it will pay close attention to the evolution of inflation and inflation expectations. The Committee continues to anticipate a gradual return to higher levels of resource utilization in a context of price stability.

To promote a stronger pace of economic recovery and to help ensure that inflation, over time, is at levels consistent with its mandate, the Committee decided today to continue expanding its holdings of securities as announced in November. In particular, the Committee is maintaining its existing policy of reinvesting principal payments from its securities holdings and will complete purchases of $600 billion of longer-term Treasury securities by the end of the current quarter. The Committee will regularly review the size and composition of its securities holdings in light of incoming information and is prepared to adjust those holdings as needed to best foster maximum employment and price stability.

The Committee will maintain the target range for the federal funds rate at 0 to 1/4 percent and continues to anticipate that economic conditions, including low rates of resource utilization, subdued inflation trends, and stable inflation expectations, are likely to warrant exceptionally low levels for the federal funds rate for an extended period.

The Committee will continue to monitor the economic outlook and financial developments and will employ its policy tools as necessary to support the economic recovery and to help ensure that inflation, over time, is at levels consistent with its mandate.

Voting for the FOMC monetary policy action were: Ben S. Bernanke, Chairman; William C. Dudley, Vice Chairman; Elizabeth A. Duke; Charles L. Evans; Richard W. Fisher; Narayana Kocherlakota; Charles I. Plosser; Sarah Bloom Raskin; Daniel K. Tarullo; and Janet L. Yellen.

Earlier:
• Q1 2011: Homeownership Rate at 1998 Levels

by Calculated Risk on 4/27/2011 10:00:00 AM

The Census Bureau reported the homeownership and vacancy rates for Q1 2011 this morning.

Click on graph for larger image in graph gallery.

The homeownership rate declined to 66.4%, down from 66.5% in Q4 2010. This is the same as in 1998.

Note: graph starts at 60% to better show the change.

The homeownership rate increased in the '90s and early '00s because of changes in demographics and "innovations" in mortgage lending. Some of the increase due to demographics (older population) will probably stick, so I've been expecting the rate to decline to around 66%, and probably not all the way back to 64%.

The homeowner vacancy rate decreased to 2.6% in Q1 2011, down from 2.7% in Q4 2010. This has been bouncing around in the 2.5% to 2.7% range for two years, and is slightly below the peak of 2.9% in 2008.

A normal rate for recent years appears to be about 1.7%.

This leaves the homeowner vacancy rate about 0.9 percentage points above normal. This data is not perfect, but based on the approximately 75 million homeowner occupied homes, we can estimate that there are close to 675 thousand excess vacant homes.

The rental vacancy rate increased to 9.7% in Q1 2011 from 9.4% in Q4 2010.

This increase doesn't fit with the Reis apartment vacancy data and the NMHC apartment survey. However this report is nationwide and includes homes for rent.

It's hard to define a "normal" rental vacancy rate based on the historical series, but we can probably expect the rate to trend back towards 8%. According to the Census Bureau there are close to 42 million rental units in the U.S. If the rental vacancy rate declined from 9.7% to 8%, then 1.7% X 42 million units or about 700 thousand excess units would have to be absorbed.

This suggests there are still close to 1.4 million excess housing units.

Note: Some analysts also add in the increase in "held off market, other" units to track the excess housing units - and that has increased from 2.6 million units at the end of 2005 to 3.861 million units in Q1 2011 - or another 1.26 million excess units. That would suggest over 2.6 million excess units. Either way, this survey suggests there is still a large number of excess units.

by Calculated Risk on 4/27/2011 07:19:00 AM

The MBA reports: Mortgage Applications Decrease in Latest MBA Weekly Survey

The Refinance Index decreased 0.6 percent from the previous week. The seasonally adjusted Purchase Index decreased 13.6 percent to its lowest level since February 25, 2011, driven by a 26.6 percent decrease in government purchase applications.
...
"Purchase applications fell last week, driven primarily by a sharp decrease in government purchase applications as new, higher FHA premiums went into effect," said Michael Fratantoni, MBA’s Vice President of Research and Economics. “This decrease reverses a 20 percent increase in government purchase applications over a four week period, which was likely driven by borrowers attempting to beat this deadline.”
...
The average contract interest rate for 30-year fixed-rate mortgages decreased to 4.80 percent from 4.83 percent, with points decreasing to 1.01 from 1.06 (including the origination fee) for 80 percent loan-to-value (LTV) ratio loans.

Click on graph for larger image in graph gallery.

This graph shows the MBA Purchase Index and four week moving average since 1990.

With the higher FHA premiums, the purchase index fell last week to the lowest level since February.

The four week average is at about 1997 levels, although - as far as sales - this doesn't include the very high percentage of cash buyers. From the NAR: "All-cash sales were at a record market share of 35 percent in March, up from 33 percent in February; they were 27 percent in March 2010."